Effect of soil crust on evaporation and dew deposition in Mu Us sandy land, China

The development of soil crust on sandy land may affect the surface hydrological process. This paper investigates the process of evaporation and dew deposition influenced by different soil surface types which were dominated by sand, primitive biotic crust, and advanced biotic crust, respectively, in the south fringe of Mu Us sandy land in Northwest China from July to September of 2006. The experimental results indicate that the advanced biotic crust could increase evaporation and dew deposition compared to the primitive biotic crust and bare sand although the differences between them were not significant. The average evaporation from advanced biotic crust, primitive biotic crust and sand was 6.8, 6.6, and 6.5 mm/d, respectively, and water content is around 16.2 % in the condition of initially identical soil. The average dew amount on advanced biotic crust was 0.116 mm/d with extreme 0.05 and 0.24 mm/d. The average values on primitive biotic crust and sand were 0.105 and 0.101 mm/d, respectively, with extreme 0.04 and 0.21 mm/d for both treatments. Also, the dew deposition on advanced biotic crust seemed stable and might rest for a longer time than that on primitive biotic crust and sand. The results suggest that the advanced biotic crust possibly facilitates evaporation and dew deposition. Therefore, the development of biotic crust may potentially enhance the hydrological circulation in the upper sand layer in sandy land.     

厌氧生物流化床处理啤酒废水动力学研究

通过合理假设推导出了厌氧生物流化床处理啤酒废水过程中的基质降解的动力学模型和微生物生长的动力学模型,并通过实验测出了模型中的相关参数.     

纳米聚合硫酸铁絮凝剂的水热法制备及其应用

水热法合成了一种新的无机絮凝剂-纳米聚合硫酸铁(PFS).运用傅立叶-红外(FT-IR)、X-rav粉末衍射、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)等现代仪器对制得的纳米聚合硫酸铁进行了表征;讨论了聚合硫酸铁的絮凝机理以及纳米聚合硫酸铁的分子形态;考察了制备影响因素.为了检测样品的絮凝性能,实验选用传统的絮凝剂聚丙烯酰胺和聚合氯化铝作对比,分别对镇江段长江水样进行了絮凝烧杯实验.实验结果表明,在各自的最佳絮凝条件下,纳米聚合硫酸铁的CODCr,去除率和浊度去除率分别为82.9%和90.3%,比传统的絮凝剂具有更好的絮凝性能.     

MOBILE6.2中车队特征和平均速度对机动车尾气排放的影响

分析了影响机动车尾气污染物排放的各种因素,对美国环保署推荐的MOBILE6.2模式进行了说明.分析研究了车队特征和平均速度对机动车排放的影响,为正确应用模式计算方法提供了理论依据.研究表明:机动车行驶里程对CO排放影响最明显;年均行驶里程随车龄的增加而减小,表明机动车的使用频率随车龄而减小,平均速度较慢或较快都显著影响机动车污染物的排放.     

微波诱导Fenton试剂氧化降解水中对硝基氯苯

采用微波辐射诱导Fenton氧化工艺处理对硝基氯苯模拟废水。考察了H2O2用量、Fe2+用量、溶液pH、微波辐射时间、微波功率对降解效果的影响;比较了微波诱导Fenton氧化法和单纯的Fenton氧化法对对硝基氯苯的去除效果。结果表明,微波辐射不仅可以提高对硝基氯苯的去除效率,还可促进对硝基氯苯的矿质化,大大提高COD去除率,并缩短反应时间。微波诱导Fenton氧化降解对硝基氯苯的适宜工艺条件为:H2O2和Fe2+用量分别为3.0g/L和160mg/L、pH为3、微波功率为800W、微波辐射时间为10min。在此工艺条件下,对硝基氯苯和COD的去除率分别可达98.9%和90.8%。     

固定化反硝化聚磷菌同步除磷脱氮实验研究

实验采用海藻酸钠和PVA添加膨润土包埋固定经富集驯化的以反硝化聚磷菌(DNPAOs)为主的活性污泥,利用体视显微镜和扫描电子显微镜考察了固定化小球的形态和表面结构,并对厌氧/好氧条件下,包埋小球除磷脱氮性能进行探讨,结果表明:固定化小球具有良好的强化生物除磷和较好的反硝化脱氮性能,体系的COD去除率平均达74.9%,平均除磷效率为95.3%,氨氮平均去除率达到95.2%左右。小球若长时间缺氧,在其内部会出现厌氧区,并产生厌氧放磷现象。     

粉煤灰多孔陶粒在水处理中的应用研究

研究采用电厂的粉煤灰为主要原料制备多孔陶粒,分别将其用作水处理中的微生物载体和吸附剂。挂膜结果表明:COD、氨氮这两项指标的出水基本稳定,去除率高。用多孔陶粒作吸附剂处理含铬废水时,等温吸附实验表明,多孔陶粒吸附水中的铬的等温方程基本符合Langmiur等温方程式,在pH值为酸性时对铬的去除率较高。用HCl和NaOH溶液再生多孔陶粒,酸的效果更好。     

Geological emission of methane from the Yakela condensed oil/gas field in Talimu Basin, Xinjiang, China

A static flux chamber method was applied to study natural emissions of methane into the atmosphere in the Yakela condensed oil/gas field in Talimu Basin, Xinjiang, China. Using an online method, which couples a gas chromatography/high-temperature conversion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C/MS) together, the 13C/12C ratios of methane in the flux chambers were measured. The results demonstrated that methane gases were liable to migrate from deep oil/gas reservoir to the surface through microseepage and p...     

BI废水制取己二酸过程中分解反应催化剂的研究

以环己烷空气氧化装置产生的酸性洗涤废水(BI有机废水)为原料,通过分析不同条件下分解氧化产物组成,考察了分解反应催化剂种类、用量及分解反应时间对产物二元酸的分布及己二酸表观收率的影响。试验结果表明,在钴盐存在下使BI有机废水浓缩液回流反应120min以上,再经硝酸氧化可使由BI有机废水制取己二酸的表观收率达到BI有机废水总质量的10%～12%。     

基于云模型的富水岩溶隧道涌水风险评价*

为适应风险因素不确定性、随机性及动态反馈性等特点,建立新型富水岩溶隧道涌水风险评价体系,提出1种基于云模型的模糊综合评价方法。选取5个1级指标、29个2级指标构建评价指标体系;综合层次分析、熵权与加权平均计算法合理分配各指标权重;利用云生成算法计算出云数字特征参数并生成足够数量的云滴;将方法应用于贵州省某隧道涌水风险评价。结果表明:隧道综合云模型云滴大部分处于“中度风险”与“高度风险”之间,与实际开挖及地质雷达分析结果一致。所提出的基于云模型的模糊综合评价法对富水岩溶隧道涌水风险评估提供良好的实践参考,为日后隧道质量控制和寿命评估提供参考。